INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS

1. A specific group of organisms that have the same characteristics is known as species.

2. Organisms from the same species mate together to produce offsprings, for example the species of
Home sapience.

3. Organisms of the same species that live and reproduce in a particular habitat will form a
population. For example, in a pond habitat there are populations of fish, shrimps and water
hyacinths.

4. A habitat is the place where on organism stays in its naturel state.

5. In a habitat, an organism can eat reproduce and get shelter.

6. Habitat of several organisms :



7. A community is formed when a few populations of different types of animals and plants live a
habitat. An example of a community is the population of animals ( fish ) and plants ( weeds ) living
together, interacting and influencing each other in a pond.

8. An ecosystem is formed when a community of living organisms in a habitat interacts with one
another as well as with the non-living environment.

9. An ecosystem consist of the living or biotic components in the environment.

10. The biotic components in an ecosystem are plants, animals and microorganisms.

11. The non-living components of an ecosystem or abiotic components consist of water, gases, light,
soil, temperature and rocks.

12. The eco-balance of the environment is closely related to the oxygen cycle, carbon dioxide cycle,
nitrogen cycle and food web.

13. Human beings are part of the ecosystem because they depend on living things and non-living
things in order to survive. If the ecosystem is interrupted, human lives will also be disturbed

14. A few elements in an ecosystem need to be maintained in order to keep the ecosystem balance :
(a) The size of each population.
(b) The composition of gases in air, water and soil.
(c) The composition of mineral salts in the soil.

15. The biotic and abiotic components are interdependent with one another to create a balanced
ecosystem which changes only slighly over time.

INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS

Flowering plants

1. This type of plant produces flowers, seeds and fruits. The flowers normally become fruits.
2. This type of plant produces flowers for reproduction.
3. Flowering plants can be divided into dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
4. Examples of dicotyledons are rubber trees, durian trees, hibiscus plants and rambutan trees.
5. Examples of monocotyledons are paddy plant, maize plant, grass and oil palm.

Classification of plants based on common characteristics

1. Plants are also classified based on their common characteristics.

2. Examples of the classification of plants based on habitat, type of stem, and method of reproduction are shown on the next page.

Shark Fish Fishing Tarpon

Mawi Kian

Kenyir lake

Vertebrates

Vertebrates

1. Vertebrates are animals with backbones.
2. Warm-blooded vertebrates ( homoiothermic ) have fixed body temperatures, cold-blooded vertebrates ( poikilothermic ) have body temperatures that change according to the temperature of their surroundings.
3. Vertebrates can be divided into five main groups, which are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals as shown below :

System of classification of animals

Animals can be classified into two groups :
(a) Invertebrates ( animals without back-bones )
(b) Vertebrates ( animals with backbones )

Invertebrates

1. Invertebrates are animals which do not have backbones.
2. Invertebrates make up the most number of animals in the world.
3. Most invertebrates live in the water.
4. Some invertebrates have a hard external skeleton for protection like the crab and the beetle.
5. Some invertebrates have soft bodies using their body fluids for support like the earthworms and leeches.
6. Generally, invertebrates can be classified into two groups, that is
(a) with jointed legs
(b) without jointed legs

Classification of animals based on common characteristics

1. Animals can be classified based on common characteristics.
2. Examples of classification of animals based on their habitats and their breating organs are shown on the next page.

VARIETY OF LIVING THINGS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION1

1.The living things found on Earth are humans, animals and plants.
2. A living thing is known as an organism.
3. Animals and plants have various shapes, sizes and habitats.
4. The differences that exist between the same species of living things are called variations.

Habitat of living things
1. A habitat is the neutral place where a living thing lives.
2. Different animals and plants live in different habitats.